@techreport{oai:ir.ide.go.jp:00053512,
 author = {Kikuta, Kyosuke},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {application/pdf, IDP000859_001, What are the effects of religious participation on collective action such as protests? Until recently, conflict scholars have focused on macro-level characteristics of religion, while assuming, but rarely analyzing, individual-level mechanisms. I fill the gap by incorporating the insights from the literature of American Politics, which has long emphasized the roles of individual-level mechanisms such as attendance at religious gatherings. Borrowing from those insights, I argue that attendance at religious gatherings can address collective action problems and thus lead to protests. I test the hypotheses by exploiting an exogenous variation in the attendance at Islamic religious gatherings: rainfall on the day of Friday Prayer. I apply the design both to macro-level event data and an individual-level survey. The analyses indicate that rainy Fridays decrease the frequency of Muslim religious attendance and lower the likelihood of Muslim protests in Africa. These results imply a core role of communal gatherings in religious mobilization.},
 title = {Rainy Friday: religious participation and protests},
 year = {2022}
}