@techreport{oai:ir.ide.go.jp:00051947,
 author = {Meng, Bo and Ye, Ming},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {application/pdf, IDP000802_001, This paper uses the “smile curve” mapping tool with a Y-axis for value-added ratio and an X -axis for production stages to identify value-added gains, positions, and interdependencies of multinationals and domestic firms along global value chains (GVCs). Taking the U.S. and China’s ICT firms’ exporting activities as a target, we find that China’s domestic ICT firms’ value chain appears as a smile curve differing from the U.S. domestic ICT firms’ inverted-U curve, which reflects the considerable difference in their technical specialization in joining GVCs; multinationals are good at utilizing each country’s comparative advantages and can thus arrange value chains as smile curves regardless of whether they are located in the U.S. or in China; China’s domestic firms have increasingly plugged into most ICT value chains. All findings reflect how “sticky” the interdependency among countries along GVCs is and c an thus help understanding the impact of the U.S.–China trade war.},
 title = {Smile curves in global value chains: multinationals vs domestic firms; the U.S. vs China},
 year = {2020}
}