@techreport{oai:ir.ide.go.jp:00051647,
 author = {Nakagawa, Masahiko},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, IDP000769_001, This study seeks to clarify the characteristics of the DPRK development strategy, examining how a self-reliant development strategy led to economic difficulties in the country. The author describes how the strategy to construct a self-sufficient economy negatively affected investment capital, production costs, and the trade balance, causing problems that included a foreign debt problem, a lack of consumer goods in the 1970s and 1980s, and a shortage of food and energy in the 1990s. North Korea’s self-supporting economic structure has persisted, despite food and power shortages. Today’s economic growth, led by personal consumption, is strengthening this structure. It has been argued that a serious challenge to the self-supporting structure will arise during the next stage of economic development.},
 title = {Success and failure of North Korean development strategy},
 year = {2020}
}