@techreport{oai:ir.ide.go.jp:00050300,
 author = {Gokan  Toshitaka and Kichiko, Sergey and Thisse, Jacques-François},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, IDP000706_001, We show how trade and communication costs interact to shape the way firms organize their　activities across space. We consider the following three organizational types: (i) integrated firms　in which all activities are conducted at the same location, (ii) horizontal firms, which operate　several plants producing the same good at different locations, and (iii) vertical firms, which　perform distinct activities at separated locations. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for　the three types of organization to coexist within the same country, whereas firms located in the　other country are all spatially integrated. We then study how trade and communication costs　affect firms’ organizational choices. First, lower trade costs lead fewer firms to go multinational.By contrast, less expensive communication flows leads to more investment abroad. The reasonfor this difference in results is that the two types of spatial frictions differ in nature: in theproximity-concentration trade-off, lower trade costs weaken the need for proximity, whilelower communication costs foster deconcentration.},
 title = {How do trade and communication costs shape the spatial organization of firms?},
 year = {2018}
}