@techreport{oai:ir.ide.go.jp:00037729,
 author = {Hayakawa, Kazunobu and Kimura, Fukunari},
 month = {Feb},
 note = {application/pdf, IDP000446_001, This paper empirically investigates how far free trade agreements (FTAs) successfully lower tariff rates and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) for manufacturing industries by employing the bilateral tariff and NTB data in a time series for countries around the world. We find that FTAs under GATT Article XXIV and the Enabling Clause contribute to reducing tariff rates by 2.1% points and 1.5% points, respectively. In the case of NTBs, their respective impacts are 6.6% points and 5.7% points. Membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) does not contribute greatly to reducing tariff rates but does play a significant role in reducing NTBs. These results provide important implications for the literature on numerical assessments of FTAs.},
 title = {How do free trade agreements reduce tariff rates and non-tariff barriers?},
 year = {2014}
}