http://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace DSpaceデジタルリポジトリシステムは、デジタル研究資料の捕捉・保管・索引化・保存・配布を行います。 チャネルの検索 検索 http://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1146 タイトル: The inverted Chinese / China problem in Indonesia : a preliminary analysis on the 2011 Surabaya incident <br/> <br/>著者: Aizawa, Nobuhiro <br/> <br/>抄録: A clash between the police and journalists covering a Falun Gong gathering in Surabaya 2011 have shown a significant change in understanding the triangular relationship between Indonesia, China and the Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. During the Suharto period, ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and China as a foreign state were the problems for the Indonesian government. After the political reforms in Indonesia together with the Rise of China in 2000s, in some situation, it is the Indonesian government together with the Chinese government which is the problem for some ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Ethnic Chinese people were seen to be close with China and their loyalty to the nation was doubted. But now it is the Indonesian government which is viewed as being too close to China and thus harming national integrity, and suspected of being unnationalistic. Sat, 29 Oct 2011 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1145 タイトル: Gacaca and DDR : the disputable record of state-building in Rwanda <br/> <br/>著者: Takeuchi, Shinichi <br/> <br/>抄録: State-building is currently considered to be an indispensable process in overcoming state fragility: a condition characterized by frequent armed conflicts as well as chronic poverty. In this process, both the capacity and the legitimacy of the state are supposed to be enhanced; such balanced development of capacity and legitimacy has also been demanded in security sector reform (SSR), which is regarded as being a crucial part of post-conflict state-building. To enhance legitimacy, the importance of democratic governance is stressed in both state-building and SSR in post-conflict countries. In reality, however, the balanced enhancement of capacity and legitimacy has rarely been realized. In particular, legitimacy enhancement tends to stagnate in countries in which one of multiple warring parties takes a strong grip on state power. This paper tries to understand why such unbalanced development of state-building and SSR has been observed in post-conflict countries, through a case study of Rwanda. Analyses of two policy initiatives in the security sector - Gacaca transitional justice and disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) - indicate that although these programs achieved goals set by the government, their contribution to the normative objectives promoted by the international community was quite debatable. It can be understood that this is because the country has subordinated SSR to its state-building process. After the military victory of the former rebels, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), the ruling elite prioritized the establishment of political stability over the introduction of international norms such as democratic governance and the rule of law. SSR was implemented only to the extent that it contributed to, and did not threaten, Rwanda's RPF-led state-building.; 長期的な紛争や貧困に象徴される国家の脆弱性を克服するために、国家建設はきわめて重 要な役割を担う。長期的な平和のためには、国家建設の過程で、国家の能力とともに国民 から見た国家の正当性を高めねばならない。能力開発だけでなく正当性の構築が求められ るのは、国家建設の中核をなす治安部門改革（SSR）についても同様である。こうした認識 は、今日の国際社会の共通理解であり、規範をなしている。しかし、紛争経験国において、 こうした規範に沿って国家建設やSSR が展開することは稀である。本稿では、1990 年代に 深刻な内戦を経験したルワンダを事例として、規範と実態の乖離について検討する。ジェ ノサイドの容疑者を裁く移行期正義のガチャチャと、動員解除・再統合プログラムをSSR の代表例として分析すると、政府の掲げた目標はほぼ達成されたものの、それが国家の正 当性の強化に繋がったとは見なしがたい。ルワンダのSSR は、紛争後に政権を握った勢力 が主導する国家建設に資する限りでのみ実施されたといえる。 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1144 タイトル: Conflict and land tenure in Rwanda <br/> <br/>著者: Takeuchi, Shinichi; Marara, Jean <br/> <br/>抄録: The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the historical relation between conflict and land tenure in Rwanda, a country that experienced a harsh civil war and genocide in the mid-1990s. The victory of the Tutsi-led rebel, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) at that time triggered a massive return of refugees and a drastic change in land tenure policy. These were refugees who had fled the country at around the time of independence, in 1962, due to the political turmoil and persecution (the "social revolution") and who shared the background of the core RPF members. The social revolution had dismantled the existent Tutsi-led political order, compelling many Tutsi families to seek refuge outside their homeland. Under the post-independence rule of a Hutu-led government, the Tutsi refugees were not allowed to return and the lands they left behind were often arbitrarily distributed by local authorities among Hutu peasants. After victory in the mid-1990s civil war, the newly established RPF-led government ordered the current inhabitants of the lands to divide the properties in order to allocate portions to the Tutsi returnees. Different patterns of land holding and land division will be explained in the paper from data gathered through the authors' fieldworks in the southern and eastern parts of Rwanda. Although overt resistance to land division has not been observed to date, the land rights of the Tutsi returnees must be considered unstable because their legitimacy depends primarily on the strength and political stability of the RPF-led government. If the authority of RPF were to weaken, the land rights will be jeopardized. Throughout Rwandan history, in which political exclusion has often led to serious conflict, macro-level politics have repeatedly influenced land holding. Promotion of an inclusive democracy, therefore, is indispensable to escape the vicious circle between political instability and land rights.; 紛争はしばしば大量の難民の流出入を引き起こす。帰還した難民にどのように土地を配分するかは、政治的に大きな問題となる。本稿では、ルワンダ内戦による土地所有の変化とその背景について、フィールドワークで得られたデータに基づき分析した。ルワンダでは、1994年の内戦と虐殺に伴い、大量の難民の流出入があった。内戦に勝利した「ルワンダ愛国戦線」（RPF）は、1962年の独立前後に流出した難民の第二世代を中核とし、そのエスニック集団は主に少数派のトゥチであった。RPFが政権を樹立すると、旧政権の政治指導者は多数派エスニック集団フトゥの一般市民を引き連れ、周辺国に逃れた。入れ替わりに、RPFと同じ政治的背景を持つ、大量のトゥチ難民がルワンダに帰還した。帰還したトゥチ難民の多くは、難民となって逃れたフトゥ農民の所有地を利用し、生活を始めた。フトゥ難民の多くは1996～97年に帰還したが、政府当局はその時、1994年以来彼らの所有地を使用しているトゥチ帰還民との間で土地を折半し、半分を移譲させた。内戦後のルワンダで、トゥチ帰還民に対する土地分配に極めてラジカルな政策がとられた理由として、RPFが武力で内戦に勝利したこと、そしてトゥチ帰還民がRPFと同じ政治的背景を持つことが指摘できる。今日まで、RPFが主導する政権は安定しており、土地分割に対する目立った抵抗運動は生じていない。しかし、土地分割を余儀なくされた住民に不満がないとは考えにくく、トゥチ難民が新たに獲得した土地の所有権はRPF政権の安定性によって政治的に担保されているに過ぎない。ルワンダの歴史を振り返ると、政治権力による土地所有への介入が繰り返され、時に紛争に結びついてきた。土地所有権が安定するためには、民衆が政権の正当性を認めることが不可欠であり、それを促す政策が必要である。 Sat, 29 Aug 2009 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1143 タイトル: Toiling children in India : the gender dimension <br/> <br/>著者: Kumar, Rajnish; Mitra, Arup; Murayama, Mayumi <br/> <br/>抄録: Child labour in several low income households is rather pursued for gaining experience and at times for meagre incomes, which are possibly spent on household food expenditure. Though the contribution made by the child labour to the overall wellbeing does not turn out to be substantial, without child labour these households would have been much worse off than the households which can afford not to have child labour. The probability of working is higher for a male child compared to a girl child. This is because the girl children are often engaged in household activities and even when they are engaged in income earning jobs they are shown as helpers. Parents' income as such may not be having a positive impact on child's education rather it is the educational level of the parents which matters in determining whether the child would go to school and continue her/his education. To substantiate the gender bias, the probability of falling ill among the girl children is found to be higher compared to the boys. Parents' educational attainments beyond a certain level again tend to reduce the probability of falling ill. Mon, 27 Feb 2012 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1142 タイトル: Casting a voice for rural struggles during apartheid : the case of AFRA <br/> <br/>著者: Sato, Chizuko <br/> <br/>抄録: This paper explores the attempts to co-ordinate rural resistance and struggles in South Africa during apartheid through a case study of the Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA), a land NGO established in Natal in 1979. It was a small group but had a significant local and national impact. The paper addresses three key questions concerning the character and works of AFRA: (1) What was the character and strategy of AFRA in the politicised context of the late 1970s and 1980s? (2) Was there any historical continuity and discontinuity with early attempts by Natal liberals and African landowners to organise anti-removal campaigns in the 1950s? (3) How and to what extent could AFRA negotiate the increasing influence of the Inkatha and KwaZulu government over Natal rural communities? The paper aims to serve as a critical evaluation of AFRA's strategies and activities, and its relationship with rural communities up to 1990 when land movements became nationwide. Mon, 27 Feb 2012 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1141 タイトル: Backward-bending of labor supply function and free riders <br/> <br/>著者: Yoshino, Hisao <br/> <br/>抄録: It seems like that backward- bending of labor supply function can be observed in Central Asian Countries such as Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. People’s basic needs of life are satisfied and they do not increase labor supplies even if wage increases. It is possible to find some cases in which slowdowns increase, when a manager in a firm enforces penalties for workers have slowdowns. This phenomenon occurs because a worker prefers the position of equilibrium on the labor supply function always in the upper direction. This article explains the increase of free-riders by penalties and how to avoid them. Mon, 27 Feb 2012 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1140 タイトル: Comparative analysis of bilateral memoranda on anti-human trafficking cooperation between Thailand and three neighboring countries : what do the origin and the destination states agree upon? <br/> <br/>著者: Yamada, Miwa <br/> <br/>抄録: In order to prevent, suppress and punish human trafficking, bilateral agreements between origin of victim countries and destination countries are crucial, because their cooperation involves cross-border activities such as repatriation of victims, extradition of criminals and information-sharing. This article analyzes three bilateral legal instruments between The Government of The Kingdom of Thailand and her three neighboring countries, namely The Royal Government of Cambodia, The Government of Lao People's Democratic Republic and The Government of The Union of Myanmar. The analysis will examine the legal status of the victim, the victim as witness in criminal proceedings, the victim protection programs, the recovery and restitution of damages, the process of repatriating the victim, and the prosecution of the criminal. Mon, 27 Feb 2012 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1139 タイトル: Can FDI promote export diversification and sophistication of host countries? : dynamic panel system GMM analysis <br/> <br/>著者: Iwamoto, Manabu; Nabeshima, Kaoru <br/> <br/>抄録: Recent trade literature highlights the importance of export diversification and upgrading in fostering faster and sustainable economic growth. This study investigates the impact of FDI inflow and stock on the level of export diversification and sophistication in host country's export baskets. By utilizing the dynamic panel data model, we find that the five-year lagged FDI inflow correlates positively with both export diversification and sophistication, and FDI stock makes the positive contribution to export sophistication. These findings provide support for the possibility of successful capabilities transfer to and building by local firms. We also find that these positive impacts of FDI exist only in developing countries. Mon, 27 Feb 2012 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1138 タイトル: Multiplant strategy under core-periphery structure <br/> <br/>著者: Tsubota, Kenmei <br/> <br/>抄録: A typical implicit assumption on monopolistic competition models for trade and economic geography is that firms can produce and sell only at one place. This paper fallows endogenous determination of the number of plants in a new economic geography model and examine the stable outcomes of organization choice between single-plant and multi-plant in two regions. We explicitly consider the firms' trade-off between larger economies of scale under single plant configuration and the saving in interregional transport costs under multi-plant configuration. We show that organization change arises under decreasing transportation costs and observe several organization configurations under a generalized cost function. Mon, 27 Feb 2012 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2344/1137 タイトル: Young women's economic daily lives in rural Ethiopia <br/> <br/>著者: Kodama, Yuka <br/> <br/>抄録: In rural Ethiopia, livelihood diversification is essential for households to be able to sustain themselves. Declining agricultural profits and a land shortage have accelerated this diversification. While the past literature has ignored young women's economic contributions in its discussions about livelihood diversification, this research indicates that the current rapid educational expansion for girls has changed their economic role in their households. This has resulted in changes in the conventional life courses of women in rural Ethiopia as they have more choices in terms of education, marriage, and the types and location of their economic activities, due to the increasing importance of young women's economic contributions to their households and their improved educational opportunities. The aim of this paper is to elucidate how the economic environment and government educational policy have affected young women's lives in terms of education, marriage, economic activities, and intra-household power relationships, especially with their parents. Mon, 27 Feb 2012 22:58:59 GMT